- Book Name: Design of Reinforced Concrete Foundations by P. C. Varghese
- Author: P. C. Varghese
- Pages: 452
- Size: 94 MB
Design of Reinforced Concrete Foundations PDF
Contents of Design of Reinforced Concrete Foundations PDF
1 Foundation Structures
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Rigid and Flexible Foundations
1.3 Loads and their Effects
1.4 Design Requirements
1.5 Geotechnical Design
1.6 Empirical and Exact Methods of Analysis of Foundations
1.7 Design Loads for Foundations
1.8 Recommended Approach to Structural Design of Foundations
1.9 Summary
References
2 Review of Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete
- 1 Introduction
2.2 Ultimate Strength Design
2.3 Designing for Maximum Bending Moment
2.3.1 Determination of the Bending Moment Mu
2.3.2 Determination of Minimum Depth for Mu
2.3.3 Determination of Steel Area Required
2.3.4 Minimum Areas of Steel in R.C. Members
2.4 Checking for Bond
2.5 Design of Slabs and Beams for Bending Shear (One-Way Shear)
2.5.1 Shear in Beams
2.5.2 Design Procedure for Slabs in One-way Shear
2.5.3 Procedure for Design of Shear Steel in Beams
2.6 Punching Shear (Two-way Shear) in Slabs
2.7 Detailing of Steel
2.8 Width of Flange of T-Beams
3 IS 456 Provisions for Design of Footings and Pedestals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Design Loads for Foundation Design
3.3 Basis of Structural Design of R.C. Footings
3.4 Soil Pressure on Foundations
3.5 Conventional Analysis of Footings Subjected to Vertical Load and Moments
3.5.1 General Comments
3.6 General Planning and Design of Independent Footings
3.6.1 Calculation of Shear for Design of Slab Footings
3.6.2 Bending Moment for Design
3.7 Minimum Depth and Detailing of Steel Requirements
3.7.1 Transfer of Load at Base of Column
3.8 Checking for Development Lengths of Main Bars in Footings
3.9 Design of Pedestals
3.10 Design Charts for Preliminary Design of Column and Wall Footings
3.11 Design Charts for Design of Columns and Footings
4 Design of Centrally Loaded Isolated Footings and Column Pedestals
- 1 Introduction
4.2 General Procedure for Design
4.3 Design of Square Footing of Uniform Depth (Pad Footing)
4.4 Design of Sloped Rectangular Footings
4.4.1 Design Procedure
4.5 Detailing of Steel
4.6 Design of Rectangular Pad Footings
4.7 Design of Plain Concrete Footings
4.8 Design of Pedestals
4.8.1 Design Calculation for Pedestals
4.9 Summary
5 Wall Footings
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Simple Plain Concrete Wall Footings
5.2.1 Dispersion of Load in Plain Concrete
5.2.2 Transfer Stress to Concrete
5.3 Reinforced Concrete Continuous Strip Wall Footings
5.3.1 Design of Continuous Strip Wall Footings
5.3.2 Design for Longitudinal Steel
5.4 R.C. T Beam or U Wall Footings in Shrinkable Soils
5.4.1 Design of R.C. T or U Continuous Beam Footings
5.5 Design of U Beam Wall Footings
5.6 Foundations of Partition Walls in Ground Floors
6 Design of Isolated Footings with Vertical Loads and Moments
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Planning Layout of Isolated Column Footing with Constant W and Mto Produce Uniform Base Pressure (Case 1)
6.3 Planning Layout of Isolated Column Footing with Constant W and Varying Min One Direction Only (Case 2)
6.3.1 Procedure for Planning Layout of Footings W with and Varying M
6.4 Isolated Column Footings with Constant W and Moments in any Direction (Case 3)
7 Combined Footings for Two Columns
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of Combined Footings
7.3 Action of Combined Footings
7.4 Planning Layout of Combined Footing
7.5 Distribution of Column Loads in the Transverse Direction
7.6 Enhanced Shear Near Supports
7.7 Combined Footing with Transverse Beams Under Column Loads
7.8 Steps in Design of Combined Slab Footings
7.8.1 Concept of Column Strip for Design of Transverse Steel in Combined Slab Footings
7.9 Steps in Design of Combined Beam and Slab Footing
8 Balanced Footings
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of Balancing Used
8.3 Loads to be Taken for Calculation
8.4 Basis of Design
9 Strip Footings under Several Columns
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Design Procedure for Equally Loaded and Equally Spaced Columns
9.3 Analysis of Continuous Strip Footing for Unsymmetric Loading
9.3.1 Analysis of Strip Footing with Unsymmetrical Loads
9.4 Detailing of Members
10 Raft Foundations
lO.l Introduction
10.2 Rigid and Flexible Foundations
10.3 Common Types of Rafts
10.3.1 Plain Slab Rafts for Lightly Loaded Buildings
10.3.2 Flat Slab Rafts for Framed Buildings—Mat Foundation
10.3.3 Beam and Slab Rafts
10.3.4 Cellular Rafts
10.3.5 Piled Rafts
10.3.6 Annular Rafts
10.3.7 Grid Foundation
10.4 Deflection Requirements of Beams and Slabs in Rafts
10.5 General Considerations in Design of Rigid Rafts
10.6 Types of Loadings and Choice of Rafts
10.7 Record of Contact Pressures Measured under Rafts
10.8 Modern Theoretical Analysis
11 Design of Flat Slab Rafts—Mat Foundations
ll.l Introduction
11.2 Components of Flat Slabs
11.3 Preliminary Planning of Flat Slab Rafts
11.3.1 Columns
11.3.2 Main Slab
11.3.3 Edge Beams
11.4 Analysis of Flat Slab by Direct Design Method
11.5 Method of Analysis
11.5.1 Values for Longitudinal Distribution and Transverse Redistribution
11.5.2 Shear in Flat Slabs
11.5.3 Bending of Columns in Flat Slabs
11.6 Limitations of Direct Design Method for Mats
11.7 Equivalent Frame Method of Analysis for Irregular Flat Slabs
11.7.1 Method of Equivalent Frame Analysis
11.7.2 Transverse Distribution of Moments along Panel Width in EFM
11.7.3 Approximate Method for Eccentrically Loaded Raft
11.7.4 Approximate Design of Flat Slab Rafts (Calculation of BM and SF from Statics)
11.8 Detailing of Steel
11.9 Design of Edge Beam in Flat Slabs
11.9.1 Design of Slab around Edge Beam and its Corners
11.10 Use of Flat Slab in Irregular Layout of Columns
12 Beam and Slab Rafts
I2.l Introduction
12.2 Planning of the Raft
12.3 Action of the Raft
12.3.1 Approximate Dimensioning of the .Raft
12.4 Design of the Beam and Slab Raft under Uniform Pressure
12.4.1 Structural Analysis for the Main Slab
12.4.2 Design of Secondary and Main Beams
12.5 Analysis by Winkler Model
12.6 Modern Methods by use of Computers
12.7 Detailing of Steel
13 Compensated Foundations, Cellular Rafts and Basement Floors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Types of Compensated Foundations
13.3 Construction of Cellular Rafts
13.4 Components of Cellular Rafts
13.5 Analysis
13.6 Principles of Design of Concrete Walls
13.7 Planning and Design of Basement Floors
14 Combined Piled Raft Foundation (CPRF)
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types and uses of Piled Rafts
14.2.1 Beneficial Effects of CPRF
14.3 Interaction of Pile and Raft
14.4 Ultimate Capacity and Settlement of Piles
14.4.1 Estimation of Settlement of Piles
14.5 Estimation of Settlement of Raft in Soils
14.6 Allowable Maximum and Differential Settlement in Buildings
14.7 Design of CPRF System
14.7.1 Conceptual Method of Design
14.8 Conceptual Method of Analysis
14.9 Distribution of Piles in the Rafts
14.10 Theoretical Methods of Analysis
15 Circular and Annular Rafts
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Positioning of Chimney Load on Annular Raft
15.3 Forces Acting on Annular Rafts
15.4 Pressures under Dead Load and Moment
15.5 Methods of Analysis
15.6 Conventional Analysis of Annular Rafts
15.7 Chu and Afandi’s Formulae for Annular Slabs
15.7.1 Chu and Afandi’s Formulae for Analysis of Circular Rafts Subjected to Vertical Loads (Chimney Simply Supported by Slab; for Circular Raft, put b = 0)
15.7.2 Chu and Afandi’s Formulae for Analysis of Circular Rafts Subjected to Moment (Chimney Simply Supported to Slab; for Circular Raft, put 6 = 0)
15.7.3 Nature of Moments and Shear
15.8 Analysis of Ring Beams under Circular Layout of Columns
15.8.1 Analysis of Ring Beams Transmitting Column Loads to Annular Rafts
15.9 Detailing of Annular Raft under Columns of a Circular Water Tank
15.10 Circular Raft on Piles
15.11 Enlargement of Chimney Shafts for Annular Rafts
16 Under-reamed Pile Foundations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Safe Loads on Under-reamed Piles
16.3 Design of Under-reamed Pile Foundation for Load Bearing Walls of Buildings
16.3.1 Design of Grade Beams
16.4 Design of Under-reamed Piles under Columns of Buildings
16.5 Use of Under-reamed Piles for Expansive Soils
17 Design of Pile Caps
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Design of Pile Caps
17.3 Shape of Pile Cap to be Adopted
17.4 Choosing Approximate Depth of Pile Cap
17.5 Design of Pile Cap Reinforcement and Capacity and Checking the Depth for Shear
17.5.1 Design for Steel
17.5.2 Designing Depth of Pile Cap for Shear
17.5.3 Checking for Punching Shear
17.6 Arrangement of Reinforcements
17.7 Eccentrically Loaded Pile Groups
17.8 Circular and Annular Pile Cap
17.8.1 Analysis of Forces on Vertical Piles
17.8.2 Analysis of Raked Piles (Inclined Pile)
17.9 Combined Pile Caps
18 Pile Foundations—Design of Large Diameter Socketed Piles
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Load Transfer Mechanism in Large Diameter Piles
18.3 Elastic Settlement of Piles and Need to Socket Large Diameter Piles in Rock
18.3.1 Example for Calculation of Deformations
18.4 Subsurface Investigation of Weathered Rock and Rock
18.4.1 Method 1: Core Drilling
18.4.2 Method 2: Cole and Stroud Method of Investigation of Weathered Rock
18.4.3 Method 3: Chisel Energy Method for Classification of Rocks
18.5 Calculation of Bearing Capacity of Socketed Piles
18.5.1 Estimation of Total Pile Capacity of Large Diameter Piles
18.6 Estimating Carrying Capacity of Large Diameter Piles
18.7 Energy Level Test Method (By Datye and Karandikar)
18.8 Cole and Stroud Method
18.9 Reese and O’Neill Method
18.10 IRC Recommendations
19 Design of Cantilever and Basement Retaining Walls
I9.l Introduction
19.2 Earth Pressure on Rigid Walls
19.2.1 Calculation of Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls
19.3 Design of Rigid Walls
19.4 Design of Ordinary R.C. Cantilever Walls
19.5 Design of Cantilever Walls without Toe
19.6 Design of Basement Walls
19.6.1 Calculation of Earth Pressures in Clays
19.7 Design of Free Standing Basement Walls
20 Infilled Virendeel Frame Foundations
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Behaviour of Virendeel Girders without Infills
20.2.1 General Dimensions Adopted
20.3 Approximate Analysis of Virendeel Girders
20.4 Results of Refined Analysis
20.5 Design of Virendeel Frame as a Beam or a Girder based on Soil Condition
20.6 Approximate Analysis of Virendeel Girder
20.7 Procedure for Design of Virendeel Frame Foundation
20.8 Detailing of Steel
21 Steel Column Bases
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Types of Bases
21.3 Design of R.C. Footings under Steel Columns
21.4 Design of Steel Grillage Foundation
21.4.1 Design Moments and Shears
21.4.2 Steps in Design of Grillage Foundations
21.5 Grillage Foundation as Combined Footing
21.6 Web Buckling and Web Crippling (Crushing) of 1-Beams under Concentrated Loads
21.6.1 Web Buckling
21.6.2 Web Crippling or Web Crushing
21.6.3 Checking for Web Buckling and Web Crippling
21.7 Design of Pocket Bases
22 Analysis of Flexible Beams on Elastic Foundation
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Methods of Analysis of Beams on Elastic Foundation
22.3 Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction and Winkler Model
22.4 Winkler Solution for a Continuous Beam on Elastic Foundation
22.4. 1 Solution for a Column Load at P on a Beam of Infinite
Length
22.4.2 Moments and Shears in Long Beams due to Loads
22.4.3 Classification of Beams as Rigid and Flexible
22.4.4 Winkler Solution for Short Beam on Elastic Foundation
22.4.5 Limitations of Winkler Model and its Improvement
22.4.6 Approximate Values of Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (also called Subgrade Coefficients)
22.5 Elastic Half-space or Modulus of Compressibility Method for Analysis of Beams on Elastic Foundation
22.6 Simplified ACI Method
22.7 Formulae for Contact Pressures under Perfect Rigid Structures
22.8 Selection of Suitable Model for Beams on Elastic Foundations [K from Es]
22.9 Analysis of Winkler and Elastic Half Space Model by Computers
22.10 Effect of Consolidation Settlement
22.11 Limitations of the Theory
23 ACI Method for Analysis of Beams and Grids on Elastic Foundations
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Derivation of the Method
23.3 Design Procedure
23.4 Analysis of Grid Foundations
24 Analysis of Flexible Plates on Elastic Foundations
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Description of ACI Procedure—Elastic Plate Method
25 Shells for Foundations
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Classification of Shells
25.3 Common Types of Shells Used
25.4 Significance of Gaussian Curvature
25.5 Types of Shells Used in Foundations
25.6 Hyperbolic Paraboloids (Hypar Shells)
25.7 Components of a Hypar Footing
25.8 Use of Hypar Shells in Foundation
25.9 Conical Shell as Footing
26 Hyperbolic Paraboloid (Hypar) Shell Foundation
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Nature of Forces in Hypar Shells
26.3 Design of Various Members
26.4 Membrane Forces in Hypar Foundation
26.4.1 Forces in the Ridge Beams and the Edge Beams
26.5 Magnitude of Forces
26.6 Procedure in Design of Hypar Shell Foundation
26.7 Empirical Dimensioning of Hypar Footing
26.8 Detailing of Hypar Footings
26.9 Expressions for Ultimate Bearing Capacity
27 Design of Conical Shell Foundation
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Forces in the Shell under Column Loads
27.3 Result of Shell Analysis
27.3.1 Nature of Forces
27.4 Detailing of Steel
28 Effect of Earthquakes on Foundation Structures
28.1 Introduction
28.2 General Remarks about Earthquakes
28.2.1 Magnitude and Intensity of an Earthquake
28.2.2 Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
28.2.3 Zone Factor (Z)
28.2.4 Relation between Various Factors
28.2.5 Response Spectrum
28.2.6 Damping Factor
28.2.7 Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient
28.3 Historical Development of IS 1893
28.3.1 Philosophy of Design of Buildings according to IS 1893 (2002)
28.3.2 Calculation of Base Shear by IS 1893 (2002)
28.4 IS 1893 (2002) Recommendations Regarding Layout of Foundations
28.4.1 Classification of Foundation Strata
28.4.2 Types of Foundations Allowed in Sandy Soils
28.4.3 Types of Foundations that can be Adopted and Increase in Safe Bearing Capacity Allowed
28.4.4 Summary of IS 1893 Recommendations for Foundation Design for Earthquakes
28.5 Liquefaction of Soils
28.5.1 Soils Susceptible to Liquefaction
28.5.2 Field Data on Liquefaction
28.5.3 Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) Method of Prediction
28.5.4 Value of {(XÿJg) to be Used for a Given Site—Site Effects
28.6 Amplification of Peak Ground Pressure of Rock Motion by
Soil Deposits
28.7 Ground Settlement
28.8 Methods to Prevent Liquefaction and Settlement
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